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The plurality voting system is a single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers, or members of a legislative assembly based on single-member constituencies. This voting method is also used in multi-member constituencies in what is referred to as an exhaustive counting system where one member is elected at a time and the process repeated until the number of vacancies is filled. The most common system, used in Canada, the lower house (Lok Sabha) in India, the United Kingdom, and most elections in the United States, is simple plurality, first-past-the-post or single-choice voting. In this voting system the single winner is the person with the most votes (plurality); there is no requirement that the winner gain an ''absolute majority'' of votes; it is enough to have more votes than each of the other candidates: sometimes called a relative/simple majority. The distinction between American and British English is described by Fowler (1965) as follows: "With three-cornered contests as common as they now are, we may have occasion to find a convenient single word for what we used to call an ''absolute majority''... In America the word ''majority'' itself has that meaning while a poll greater than that of any other candidate, but less than half the votes cast is called a ''plurality.'' It might be useful to borrow this distinction..."〔(Fowler, H.W. 1965 ''A Dictionary of Modern English Usage'')〕 In some countries such as France (as well as in some jurisdictions of the United States, such as Louisiana and Georgia) the "two-ballot" or "runoff election" plurality system is used. This requires up to two rounds of voting. If any candidate receives over 50% of the votes in the first round, then there is no second round. Otherwise, the two highest-voted candidates in the first round compete in a two-candidate second round, or all candidates above a certain threshold in the first round compete in a two-, three- or four-candidate second round. This ensures that the winner gain a majority of votes (if there are only 2 candidates in the second round). In political science, the use of the plurality voting system with multiple, single-winner constituencies to elect a multi-member body is often referred to as single-member district plurality or SMDP. This combination is also variously referred to as winner-takes-all to contrast it with proportional representation systems. This term is sometimes also used to refer to elections for multiple winners in a particular constituency using bloc voting. ==Plurality/Majority systems in the broader family of voting systems== Most experts group electoral systems into 3 general categories: * PR systems; * mixed member systems; and * plurality/majority or single-winner systems; 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Systems and Their Consequences )〕 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd03/default )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ifes.org/publications/electoral-systems-and-delimitation-constituencies )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plurality voting system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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